The insurgency in Mozambique’s northern Cabo Delgado province and the Southern African region’s military response to it have allegedly resulted in instances of human rights violations and war crimes.
(Photo by Simon Wohlfahrt/AFP via Getty Images)
On 9 July , the government of Rwanda said it had sent 1 000 troops to Mozambique to fight the insurgents in Cabo Delgado province. On 8 August, Rwandan troops captured the port city of Mocímboa da Praia where, just off the coast, is a huge natural gas concession held by the French energy company TotalEnergies SE and the American energy company ExxonMobil.
The African Development Bank’s president, Akinwumi Adesina, announced on 27 August that TotalEnergies SE will restart the Cabo Delgado liquefied natural gas project by the end of 2022.
The militants disappeared across the border into Tanzania or into their villages in the hinterland.
Why did Rwanda intervene in Mozambique in July to defend, essentially, two energy companies? The answer lies in a peculiar set of events that took place in the months before the troops left Rwanda.
The insurgents first made their appearance in Cabo Delgado in October 2017. For three years, the group played a cat-and-mouse game with Mozambique’s army before taking control of Mocímboa da Praia in August last year. At no point did it seem possible for Mozambique’s army to thwart al-Shabaab and allow TotalEnergies SE and ExxonMobil to restart operations in the Rovuma Basin, off the coast of northern Mozambique, where the natural gas field was discovered in February 2010.
The Mozambican ministry of interior had hired mercenaries such as Dyck Advisory Group (South Africa), Frontier Services Group (Hong Kong), and the Wagner Group (Russia). In late August 2020, TotalEnergies SE and the Mozambican government signed an agreement to create a joint security force to defend the company’s investments. None of the mercenary companies succeeded. The investments were stuck underwater.
At this point, Mozambique’s President Filipe Nyusi indicated — as I was told by a source in Maputo — that TotalEnergies SE might ask the French government to send a detachment to assist in securing the area. This discussion went on into 2021. On 18 January, French Defence Minister Florence Parly and her counterpart in Portugal, João Gomes Cravinho, talked on the phone, during which — it is suggested in Maputo — they discussed the possibility of a Western intervention in Cabo Delgado. On that day, TotalEnergies SE’s chief executive, Patrick Pouyanné, met Nyusi and his ministers of defence (Jaime Bessa Neto) and interior (Amade Miquidade) to discuss the joint “action plan to strengthen security of the area”. Nothing came of it. The French government was not interested in a direct intervention.
A senior official in Maputo told me that it is strongly believed in Mozambique that France’s President Emmanuel Macron suggested the Rwandan army, rather than French forces, be deployed to secure Cabo Delgado. Rwanda’s force — highly trained, well-armed by the Western countries and given impunity to act outside the bounds of international law — has proved its mettle in the interventions carried out in South Sudan and the Central African Republic.
What Kagame got for the intervention
Paul Kagame has ruled Rwanda since 1994, first as vice-president and minister of defence and then since 2000 as the president. Under Kagame, democratic norms have been flouted and Rwandan troops have operated ruthlessly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A 2010 UN mapping project report on human rights violations in the DRC showed that the Rwandan troops killed “hundreds of thousands if not millions” of Congolese civilians and Rwandan refugees between 1993 and 2003. Kagame rejected the UN report, suggesting that this “double genocide” theory denied the Rwandan genocide of 1994. He has wanted the French to accept responsibility for the genocide of 1994 and has hoped that the international community will ignore the massacres in the eastern DRC.
On 26 March 2021, historian Vincent Duclert submitted a 992-page report on France’s role in the Rwandan genocide. The report makes it clear that France should accept — as Médecins Sans Frontières put it — “overwhelming responsibility” for the genocide. But the report does not say that the French state was complicit in the violence. Duclert travelled to Kigali on 9 April to deliver the report to Kagame, who said the report’s publication “marks an important step toward a common understanding of what took place”.
On 19 April, the Rwandan government released a report that it had commissioned from the American law firm Levy Firestone Muse. This report’s title says it all: A Foreseeable Genocide: The Role of the French Government in Connection with the Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda. The French did not deny the strong words in this document, which argues that France armed the génocidaires and then hastened to protect them from international scrutiny. Macron, who has been loath to accept France’s brutality in the Algerian liberation war, did not dispute Kagame’s version of history. This was a price he was willing to pay.
What France wants
On 28 April, Nyusi visited Kagame in Rwanda. Nyusi told Mozambique’s news broadcasters that he had come to learn about Rwanda’s interventions in the Central African Republic and to ascertain Rwanda’s willingness to assist Mozambique in Cabo Delgado.
On 18 May, Macron hosted a summit in Paris, “seeking to boost financing in Africa amid the Covid-19 pandemic”, which was attended by several heads of government, including Kagame and Nyusi, the president of the AU (Moussa Faki Mahamat), the president of the African Development Bank (Akinwumi Adesina), the president of the West African Development Bank (Serge Ekué) and the managing director of the International Monetary Fund (Kristalina Georgieva). Exit from “financial asphyxiation” was at the top of the agenda, although in private meetings there were discussions about Rwandan intervention in Mozambique.
A week later, Macron left to visit Rwanda and South Africa, spending two days (26 and 27 May) in Kigali. He repeated the broad findings of the Duclert report, brought 100 000 Covid-19 vaccines to Rwanda (where only 4% of the population had received the first dose by the time of his visit) and spent time in private talking to Kagame. On 28 May, alongside South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa, Macron talked about Mozambique, saying that France was prepared to “take part in operations on the maritime side” but would otherwise defer to the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and to other regional powers. He did not mention Rwanda specifically.Rwanda entered Mozambique in July, followed by SADC forces, which included South African troops. France got what it wanted: its energy giant can now recoup its investment. — Globetrotter