Protesters rally against the brutal rape of a five-year old girl in New Delhi.
Three days after the attack last week, the girl was found alone in a locked room in the same New Delhi building where her family lives.
More than 90 000 children go missing in India each year; more than 34 000 are never found. Some parents said they lost crucial time because police wrongly dismissed their missing children as runaways, refused to file reports or treated the cases as nuisances.
The parents of the five-year-old said that after their daughter disappeared, they repeatedly begged police to register a complaint and begin a search, but they were rejected.
Three days later, neighbours heard the sound of a child crying from a locked room in the tenement. They broke down the door and rushed the brutalised girl to the police station.
The parents said the police response was to offer the couple $37 to keep quiet about what happened.
"They just wanted us to go away. They didn't want to register a case even after they saw how badly our daughter was injured," said the girl's father, who cannot be identified because India's law requires a rape victim's identity be kept secret.
New Delhi's police commissioner Neeraj Kumar admitted on Monday that local police erred in handling the case.
Police suspensions
"There have been shortfalls, so the station house officer and his deputy have been suspended," Kumar told reporters.
Other poverty-stricken parents of missing children say they also have found police reluctant to help them.
In 2010, police took 15 days to register a missing-persons case for 14-year-old Pankaj Singh. His mother is still waiting for him to come home.
"Every day my husband and my father would go wait at the police station, but they would shoo them away," Pravesh Kumari Singh said as she sat on her son's bed, surrounded by his pictures and books.
One morning in March 2010, she fed her son a breakfast of fried pancakes and spicy potatoes, then left for a community health training programme.
"He told me he would have a bath and settle down to study for his exams," said Singh, clutching the boy's photograph to her heart.
When she returned, he was gone. "The neighbours said some boys had called him out. We searched everywhere, went to the police, but they refused to believe that something had happened to our son."
The police insisted he had run off with friends and would return, she said.
Police resist registering cases
"They said we must have scolded him or beaten him, which is why he had run away from home," she said.
Formal police complaints were registered in only one-sixth of missing child cases in 2011, said Bhuwan Ribhu, a lawyer with Bachpan Bachao Andolan, or the Save the Childhood Movement. He said police resist registering cases because they want to keep crime figures low, and that parents are often too poor to bribe them to reconsider.
Ribhu said the first few hours after a child goes missing are the most crucial. "The police can cordon off nearby areas, issue alerts at railway and bus stations, and step up vigilance to catch the kidnappers.".
Activists said delays let traffickers move children to neighbouring states, where the police did not have jurisdiction. There is no national database of missing children that state police can reference.
Police insist that most missing children are runaways fleeing grinding poverty.
"It's easy enough to blame the police for not finding the children. Some of the parents do not even possess a photograph of the child. Or they will come up with a years-old picture. It becomes difficult when there's not even a photograph to work with," Delhi police spokesperson Rajan Bhagat said last month when asked about complaints on police inaction in investigating case of missing children.
Many cases involved poor migrant construction workers who move from site to site around the city, Bhagat said.
"The children are unfamiliar with the place and once they lose their way, they wouldn't know how to return," he said.
34 406 missing children
India's Women and Child Development Minister Krishna Tirath told Parliament last month that the problem of missing children had assumed "alarming" proportions. The National Crime Records Bureau reported that 34 406 missing children were never found in 2011, up from 18 166 in 2009.
Activists said some children are trafficked and forced to beg on the streets. Some work on farms or factories as forced labour and others have their organs harvested and sold. According to the activists, young girls are pushed into the sex trade or sold for marriage.
"The government is just not ready to confront the issue of trafficking or missing children. And this gets reflected in the apathy of the police in dealing with cases of missing children," said Ribhu.
In 2006, the Central Bureau of Investigation said at least 815 criminal gangs were kidnapping children for begging, prostitution or ransom.
The Save the Childhood Movement said police have not cracked a single one of those syndicates.
"Despite our providing the police with all the details of where a child was picked up from, where he was taken, the police are simply not willing to act," said Ribhu.
Two streets away from Singh, in a tiny windowless room crammed with clothes, bedding and a stove, Pinky Devi keeps a prized possession locked away in a drawer: a faded colour photograph of her son Ravi Shankar.
Police indifference
One afternoon in November 2011, she said, the 11-year-old went off with other children to a neighbourhood fair. He never returned.
Devi said the police visited her home a couple of times and spoke to her neighbours, but their interest soon wore out.
"I'm sure if we had money to spend on them, the police would have been more active in tracing my son," said Devi, her two younger sons and infant daughter clung to her sari in their one-room tenement in south-east Delhi.
Shantha Sinha, who heads the government's National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, acknowledged that much remained to be done to make police take cases of missing children seriously.
"There has to be a strong message that in every incident of a missing child, a criminal case has to be registered and the case is properly investigated," Sinha said.
Kunwar Pal, a construction worker, feared police indifference crushed his efforts to find his son Ravi Kumar.
Since the 12-year-old disappeared three years ago, the distraught father cycled across India's sprawling capital, visiting police and railway stations, children's homes and hospitals, handing out posters and photographs of his missing son. Every time he heard of a child found anywhere in the city, he cycled to the police station, hoping it was Ravi.
Poverty and policing
Pal, a lean 45-year-old with haunted eyes, refuses to think the worst. He believed Ravi was taken by a childless couple who wanted a child of their own.
"If they were to let me know somehow that my son is alive, I would be happy," said Pal, his spare frame wracked by dry heaves. "They can keep him. Just let me see his shadow. Just let me know he's safe."
He also believes police would have worked harder if he had not been poor.
"If I were rich, my son would have been found by now. If I had money, the police would have taken the case more seriously," he said. – Sapa-AP