The dream of harnessing the mighty Congo River with the world's largest set of dams has come closer, with the World Bank and other financial institutions expected to offer finance, and South Africa agreeing to buy half of the power that is generated.
In the past 60 years French, Belgian, Chinese, Brazilian and African engineers have all hoped to dam the river. But decades of civil war, corruption and the Democratic Republic of Congo's (DRC's) reputation as a failed state have limited the hydropower developments at the country's Inga Falls to two relatively small dams, built in 1972 and 1982. These, known as Inga 1 and 2, have a theoretical capacity of 1400MW, but produce about half of that.
A new $20-billion development to generate a further 4800MW was announced in Paris at the weekend, with work planned to start in October 2015. According to the DRC, working with European and other consultants, five further stages at Inga Falls could eventually have a capacity of 40000MW, which is equivalent to more than 20 large nuclear power stations.
This would make the Grand Inga development the largest hydro project in the world, generating twice as much as the Three Gorges dam in China. In theory, it could provide 40% of Africa's electricity needs.
The attraction of developing hydropower on the Congo, says the government, is that, unlike most of the world's great dam projects, it would not require tens of thousands of people to be relocated, nor would it block the river and lead to significant environmental consequences. Because the Congo River around Inga is so vast and falls nearly 100m over a short distance, water can be diverted to create a massive new lake without disturbing its main flow.
"The impact on land use is limited. The development can be progressive and carried out in a series of phases, eventually providing 40000MW of power," says the technical data for the proposed development.
The African Development Bank, the World Bank, the French Development Agency, the European Investment Bank and the Development Bank of South Africa have all shown an interest in
financing the next stage of the project. No developer has been chosen, but Chinese, Korean and Spanish companies are said to be in the forefront.
Key to the project is South Africa's commitment this week to buy 2500MW of capacity. "We have affirmed our commitment to the project by already provisioning for this purchase in our budgetary plan," said Garrith Bezuidenhoudt of the department of energy.
But the prospect of local people getting power from Inga in the next 20 years is remote. Less than 10% of the population has electricity, with nearly all power from Inga 1 and 2 going directly to multinational mining companies in the Katanga copper belt. It is expected that most Inga 3 power would travel 2400km to power-hungry South Africa or large mines in the DRC.
Giant hydropower schemes in Africa have a poor track record. "Projects such as Inga 1 and 2 have not unleashed economic development, but have been contributors to African countries' unsustainable debt burden," said the United States-based International Rivers network, which has led opposition to major dams around the world for 20 years.
In a letter last week to World Bank president Jim Yong Kim, International Rivers and 18 other civil society organisations and networks from Africa, Europe and the US said the reality of large-scale dams seldom matched their expectations, mostly adding to debt problems and allowing powerful companies to cheaply exploit and export Africa's vast natural resources.
The letter said: "Renewable energy solutions such as wind, solar and micro hydropower projects are much more effective at reaching the rural poor. According to the International Energy Agency report, 70% of the world's unelectrified rural areas are best served through mini-grids or off-grid solutions.
"In the DRC, the World Bank and other financiers have invested billions … in the construction and rehabilitation of the Inga 1 and 2 hydropower projects and associated transmission lines over the past 40 years. After all this investment, 85% of the electricity in the DRC is consumed by high-voltage users, while only 6% to 9% of the population has access to electricity." – © 2013 Guardian News and Media