No sector exists in isolation — transport included. How towns, cities and countries move people, goods and services from place to place affects how they function socially and economically.
It affects infrastructure planning, housing development, healthcare and education. It either frees people from poverty or further entrenches them in it, which has a knock-on effect on national economic growth and GDP.
An effective integrated transportation system moves people, goods, and services in an integrated way through roads, non-motorised transport, railways and ports. It means that everyone has several transport options available to them to get them where they need to be safely and efficiently.
In the Netherlands, for example, residents can choose to drive, walk, or make use of the country’s vast and established cycle lanes. There are also well-running bus, metro and train networks. And there are seamless links between these systems: bicycle racks are available at stations, and the bus, metro and train lines intersect at convenient points.
Every single mode of transport that is available works together and works well. By extension, almost everyone has access to the broader resources they need. Another great example is the exemplary, intentional and integrated transportation developments in Kigali.
South Africa’s transport network is not as integrated — either within the different modes of transport it offers, or in terms of its relationship to other sectors.
Why an integrated transportation system matters
Where integrated transportation systems work well, there is always an integrated transport master plan in place. A living document that consistently addresses the maintenance and upgrade of existing types of transportation and connects the sector into those around it. In addition, it considers new capital projects that will feed into the integrated system. The absence of this plan in South Africa is perhaps the starting point of many of the country’s transport problems.
From a policy and planning perspective, South Africa is a deeply siloed nation. Its roads network has its own plan, as do railways and ports. Plans for water and housing are also separate from transport and from each other. And there are variations in approach between the local, provincial, and national government. This decentralised, disconnected strategy makes it difficult to gain a holistic perspective, and to introduce interventions that make a meaningful difference.
There are, of course, other challenges. Supply chain and procurement, the misappropriation of funds and corruption add to the complexity. Budgets don’t go where they’re meant to go. Maintenance systems regularly falter. Potholes deepen. Compound this with load-shedding, urbanisation plus the severe congestion of major cities, and getting people, goods and services from A to B becomes a serious problem.
All of this affects people’s mental health and their levels of participation and inclusion. Rural-to-city connections are often hardest hit, and the lack of safety and the inefficiency commuters experience can take its toll on social cohesion. It also affects businesses’ ability to generate revenue, and makes the economy sluggish. Born out on a national scale, the ramifications of not having an integrated transportation system in place are far-reaching.
A step-by-step solution
The first step is to evaluate the extent of the problem. Without truly knowing how severe it is, we don’t know how to fix it. This involves having accurate and up-to-date data on hand — data that offers a detailed picture of the state of South Africa’s transportation network, and where upgrades are required.
The Western Cape and Mpumalanga governments are leading the charge here and both have a thorough account of the condition of their roads. But this needs to be a countrywide phenomenon.
Then comes prioritising how budgets get allocated. The roads infrastructure budget is substantial, but it needs to be adequately apportioned — and audited. Work often needs to be split between maintaining existing roads and developing new ones. This is especially so in light of the country’s problems with the railway system, which are putting strain on the road network as long-haul trucks move heavy loads long distances.
Step three involves tightening our supply chain processes. At the moment, it takes six to 18 months for transportation-related tenders to be adjudicated and awarded. These drawn-out and troubled procedures are a breeding ground for corruption and financial misconduct.
Above all, we need a holistic integrated national master plan — a plan that drives consistent evaluation and consistent action. This must start at the top; it begins with leadership. In a democratic country, the master plan should apply no matter which political party or individual is at the helm. And it needs to be comprehensive, with an understanding of the wider forces of which it is a part.
South Africa has a long way to go. But if we prioritise the creation of an integrated transportation system that sees transport as a critical and enabling sector, we can start to shift the needle in other areas, too.
Bongani Mthombeni is the director of Smart Mobility at Royal HaskoningDHV in South Africa.