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Digital technology is revolutionising our daily lives. Mobile devices monitor our movements, marketing algorithms guide our consumption and social media shape our worldviews and politics. Although such innovations have their advantages, they also carry significant risks, including potentially widening existing inequalities in societies. This prospect is particularly worrying for global health.
Sustaining and scaling digital health innovations is hardly an easy process. Of the more than 600 pilot mobile health initiatives that emerged in the past decade, very few reached delivery at scale, and even fewer were sustained.
Nonetheless, some high-profile digital health initiatives — such as MomConnect in South Africa and Mobile Academy, TeCHO+ and Anmol in India — shifted, at least partly, from donor to government funding. This change is part of an ongoing wave of enthusiasm for new technologies’ potential to improve health systems.
Steps are being taken to position health-related digital technologies as a disruptive force for good. The World Health Organisation recently announced the creation of a department of digital health, along with guidelines on digital health interventions.
Moreover, some initiatives that have already been rolled out globally hold significant promise. For example the governments of Ghana, South Africa and Tanzania, among others, are taking advantage of near-ubiquitous mobile-phone access to supplement limited interactions with healthcare providers by delivering health information to beneficiaries.
Initiatives focused on equipping healthcare providers with digital tools — in India, for example — are enabling them to eliminate paper-based records and improve the clinical content of service delivery. Efforts are also under way to use blockchain technology to track funding flows and facilitate the timely payment of frontline health workers.
But there is no guarantee that digital innovations in health will bring shared benefits. That is why, before moving forward with any new digital tool, it is vital to consider who it will reach, the motivations of the various actors involved in its development and deployment, and the implications and opportunity costs for users and health systems alike.
Start with reach. If a product requires a high level of digital literacy, it might be inaccessible to people who already lack access to education or healthcare. As a result, adopting it would exacerbate and entrench inequalities. To optimise the design, reach and effectiveness of digital health programs, user capabilities and technology requirements must be aligned. Welcoming innovation includes humility about the limits of technology and the pressing need to strengthen health systems to ensure that they serve all of society.
Then there is the question of who is designing and delivering health innovations — and who is accountable for them. In the past, innovation entailed collaborations between governments, donors, nongovernmental organisations and research organisations.
In the digital age, new actors such as mobile network operators and technology companies have joined this process, each with its own language and incentives. Without mediation, this can lead to distorted power dynamics, with some initiatives becoming “too big to fail” and governments struggling to exercise oversight.
The broader potential effects on users must also be considered. Consider the data privacy question. Digital health programs may involve the collection of huge amounts of personal data. As that information is collected, it passes through an array of channels, making it increasingly difficult to de-identify. This can create major privacy risks, which are compounded by the temptation to commodify and sell patient data.
Fortunately, some governments recognise this and efforts are under way to mitigate data privacy risks. The European Union has led the way on this front, with its recently adopted general data protection regulation. A number countries are now following its example.
But regulating is only the first step. Given the impossibility of anticipating all the ways in which data might be used in the future, robust governance structures that promote transparency and accountability must be established. Otherwise, a lawless environment in which people will be at the mercy of whatever new innovator comes to town will emerge.
Next year’s Sixth Global Symposium on Health Systems Research will focus on the nexus between government stewardship, innovation and accountability.
Only with a clear-eyed assessment of a new technology, including who is responsible for it and who could be left behind if it is deployed, can we ensure that the digital revolution delivers on its promise to improve global health. — © Project Syndicate
Asha George is chair of Health Systems Global and a professor at the School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape. Amnesty LeFevre is an associate professor at the School of Public Health and Family Medicine at the University of Cape Town. Rajani Ved is director of India’s National Health Systems Resource Centre