The Johannesburg area was privileged to have been visited by a world-renowned expert in primary maths education, Professor Mike Askew from Monash University.
Askew has worked for many years in research and teacher development in the field of primary maths in the United Kingdom and Australia and is the author of several books for primary maths teachers and parents. In the two weeks Askew was in Johannesburg he shared a wealth of wisdom and ideas for primary maths teaching.
Foundation-phase teaching
In a workshop with foundation-phase teachers, Askew proposed that the two things he would like to see children completely fluent with early in the foundation phase were:
- Bonds to 10; and
- Adding 10 to a number.
He argued that these skills were crucial building blocks for number sense and that they should be practised every day.
He demonstrated the way he would do this in a class, using workshop participants as guinea pigs.
How it works
First, he wrote the numbers 53, 17, 72, 81 and 49 on the board. Then he got participants to partner with the person next to them. One person in each pair chose one of the numbers from the board to start with and then the pair, taking turns, counted up from that number in 10s. Everyone managed it successfully.
He then got them to repeat the exercise, but this time had them counting up in 10s while clapping their hands, then clapping hands with their partner. There was much hilarity as many of them made an occasional stumble or stutter as they tried to co-ordinate the two.
When he added the final component — one partner getting to control the pace of counting in 10s by either speeding up or slowing down the clapping — there was even more laughter.
The purpose
Askew said that this simple (and fun) activity had a number of purposes. The regular practice of counting up in 10s (starting at any number) was important for getting learners entirely fluent in adding 10 to a number. Once children were fairly comfortable doing the counting up in 10s, he added the clapping and the speeding up and slowing down to internalise the counting and make it “automatic”.
He argued that no one could co-ordinate the clapping and counting if they had to think about or work out the next number. Also, the fun element of the activity enabled learners to laugh about their mistakes and created a classroom environment in which mistakes were not shameful, but part of learning.
If learners are completely fluent in counting in 10s and their bonds to 10, then Askew’s next set of suggested activities enables learners to add two two-digit numbers easily. He suggests that learners should be given calculation strings to practise regularly and that they should use an empty number line to represent them. For an example, see “Internalising mathematics: Examples of calculation strings”.
Practice makes perfect
Askew said he had observed over and over again that, if learners were given enough of these calculation strings to practise regularly, the ideas became automatic. A learner faced with calculating 35+24 would be able to calculate first 35+20=55 and then 55+4=59 in their heads to reach the answer. Faced with 27+25, they would be able to do 27+20=47 and then see 47+5 as 47+3(+2)=50+2=52.
After Askew took participants in the workshop through a number of calculation strings, he gave them some to do mentally. He asked them to calculate 64+28 in their heads and to place a thumb on their chest as soon as they had the answer.
This is a nice way for a teacher to get an idea of how everyone is doing without the fastest distracting or discouraging the others. In the workshop of more than 30 teachers, one of the fastest mental calculators was one of the teachers’ 11-year-old daughter. It was probably best no one could see how much quicker she was than the rest of them.
At the end of the workshop, interested primary mathematics teachers had the opportunity to sign up to be part of an email discussion group where they can share information, activities, and questions and answers about primary maths teaching. If you would like to be part of the discussion group, please email [email protected] or visit www.wits.ac.za/academic/humanities/education/14097/primary_maths.html
Internalising mathematics: Examples of calculation strings
With practice, children learn to group the multiple 10s together into one jump, building efficiency, as shown below. They can also break down units to work through 10s, rather than having to add in ones — as shown below:
In these calculation strings, the first number is kept whole and the second number is split up. To do 56+37, we calculate 56+30+4+3. In schools it is common to teach learners to split both numbers up into 10s and units (50+6+30+4). Mike Askew said that keeping the first number whole provided a better strategy for mental calculations, as it extended easily to subtraction. For example, 54-36 is easy to do as 54-30=24 and then 24-6=20-2=18. But if we split both numbers, we get 50+4-(30+6) and children get confused over whether this is 50-30+4+6 or 50-30 and 4-6, or others.