The deal with Russia was facilitated by a Swiss bank and a shell company registered in Britain's Isle of Man.
Russian and French arms dealers got away with $263-million, Angola's President José Eduardo dos Santos reportedly stashed away more than $36-million, and three Angolan officials and a former Russian legislator got away with smaller amounts. Another $400-million is unaccounted for, according to Corruption Watch UK and Angola's Clean Hands, or Maos Livres association of human rights lawyers.
The Angolan exposé is the latest of a slew of reports on corruption, its cost to development, and how it is aided by bankers and shell companies that keep secret the identities of owners.
- Read the full report here.
Angola has long been accused of siphoning off payments from its massive oil production, worth some US $40-billion in 2011 according to Revenue Watch. They enrich a small coterie surrounding President Eduardo dos Santos while nearly half the population lives below the poverty line. Dos Santos has ruled Angola for 33 years.
The report on Angola comes as the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom are working on stricter legislation to try to halt the flow of dirty and tax-dodging dollars.
"The thing that really shocked me is the complicity of the financial system, of what became Switzerland's biggest bank," said former South African legislator and whistleblower Andrew Feinstein, lead author of the Angolan report, "Deception in High Places".
$1.5bn debt to Russia
Angolan presidential spokesperson Jose Mena Abrantes could not be reached for comment despite several calls to his office. The Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa called dos Santos's lack of response "a deafening silence".
The $750- million that disappeared from Angola was supposed to repay a 1.5-billion debt to Russia for help in its 27-year civil war. Angola paid with promissory notes on future oil shipments, but those notes went through shell companies that milked much of the money, the report said.
Feinstein said the $36.25-million that he tracked down to Angola's president was paid to front companies, first in Switzerland and then moved to one created in Panama. He said he was able to establish dos Santos's ownership only because a French court previously had identified the Angolan leader as the true owner of a Swiss company called Intersul.
Russian and French arms dealers took most of the money owed to Russia, the report said.
European Union legislator Ana Maria Gomes presented the report on the corrupt Angola-Russia deal at a public session of the EU Parliament in Lisbon at the end of May.
"This report is very important in showing the methodology used to divert money to international criminals that should have been put to the use of the Angolan and Russian people," Gomes said.
She said EU legislators are calling for "very stringent regulations". But Feinstein said the proposed EU regulations still would allow the company created to divert the Angolan funds to escape scrutiny.
"Really the most important thing that could come out of this report is if the international financial regulators and national governments are prepared to show real political will in closing once and for all these absurd loopholes," he said.
Illegal money transfers, tax avoidance
The Swiss bank named in the exposé has not responded to requests for comment. Swiss prosecutors have studied a complaint from Clean Hands asking for prosecution of several people including three Swiss bankers, but they have so far not opened a criminal case, said Jeanette Balmer, the spokesperson for the Swiss federal prosecutor's office in Bern.
The illegal transfer of capital from Africa has surpassed $50-billion a year, former West African Development Bank president Abdoulaye Bio Tchane told a recent regional seminar in Ivory Coast.
Developing countries are losing three times as much money to tax havens as they receive in aid, said the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom – the country responsible for the highest number of tax havens, one in five globally – has pledged to make tax avoidance a priority at the G8 summit he is to lead in June.
In a report for the Africa Progress Panel, former UN secretary general Kofi Annan warned that while tax avoidance loses revenue for Western government, "in Africa, it has a direct impact on the lives of mothers and children".
The report says booming revenue from Africa's natural resources, which should be a bounty in the fight against high unemployment and poverty, instead is widening the chasm between rich and poor.
The Angolan contrast
Angola, which ranked as one of the world's fastest-growing economies for the decade since its war ended in 2002, is a case in point: It is classified as an upper middle-income country by the World Bank with a 2011 gross domestic product of $104.3-billion for its 20 million people.
Yet 87% of Angola's urban population lives in shanty towns, most without access to clean water, and only 38% living in rural areas have an improved water source, according to Unicef and the World Bank.
In contrast, three luxury Italian fashion brands plan to open their first stores in Angola's capital in the coming months, the Altagamma foundation of Italian luxury producers announced this month.
Forbes magazine in March identified Africa's first woman billionaire as Isabel dos Santos, the 40-year-old daughter of Angola's leader. Worth an estimated $2-billion, Forbes lists her as the only black female billionaire besides Oprah Winfrey.
President dos Santos is not on the list.
"We're sure he has significant assets, too, but that he's transferred a chunk to his daughter Isabel and the rest are not transparent enough to warrant his inclusion," Forbes told The Associated Press. – Sapa-AP