More than 200 astronomers from 18 countries were involved in the study, which used radio astronomy to look at a segment of sky over the northern hemisphere. (Fabrizio Bensch/Reuters)
There are not enough stars in the universe and now astronomers think they know why.
Using the Hubble space telescope, they have discovered a distant galaxy in which star formation is itself driving the raw materials for more stars out into space at more than three million kilometres an hour – and in the process slowing future star production.
They believe the discovery could explain why the number of stars in space is lower than expected.
The astronomer Carl Sagan memorably said there were more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all the beaches in the world. That estimate has been refined more recently to 10 stars for every grain – or roughly one hundred thousand million million million, or 100-sextillion, stars. Yet not even this vast figure is enough for modern astronomers.
“We’ve known for about 10 to 15 years that there are not as many stars in the universe as we expect,” says Dr James Geach, of the University of Hertfordshire.
Stars form when clouds of gas are pulled together by the force of gravity. But computer simulations of this process always overestimate the number of stars that astronomers can observe. There should be double or even triple the number of stars in the night sky.
Now, Geach and his colleagues think they have discovered what astronomers have been missing.
They have found a distant galaxy known as a starburst 10-billion light years away that is furiously forming stars at 260 times the rate of our own Milky Way. The torrents of radiation created by the celestial newborns are driving out the remaining gas. As this raw material is blasted away into deep space, the rate of formation will slow and eventually come to a halt.
“We are witnessing the aggressive termination of star formation,” said Geach.
The more stars that form, the more pressure their starlight creates, driving out more gas and preventing rapid star formation.
This is the first time this process has been seen driven solely by the action of star formation itself. Usually it is associated with the action of an active black hole at the centre of a galaxy. Yet there is no sign of an active black hole in this galaxy. In the nearby universe, many galaxies have stopped forming stars altogether. “Something must have cleared the gas out of these galaxies,” said Philip Best, professor of extra-galactic astronomy at the University of Edinburgh, who was not involved in the study.
It is not just individual stars that can fall victim to this process. In its most extreme form, astronomers think it could even blow small galaxies apart, explaining why there are 10 to 100 times fewer dwarf galaxies than expected.
Geach says his team’s observation is “an important new clue in our understanding of the evolution of galaxies”.
The study is published in the journal Nature. – © Guardian News & Media 2014